The Enlightenment An Incredible Change - 1163 Words

The Enlightenment is known as the age of reasons because of its gradual changes or transitions from traditional to modern societies. It was a big change from faith or religion towards science and the intellectual reasoning. Also, many societies or people changed their styles of living and beliefs such as they went from rural to urban, agriculture to commerce, believe to reason, religion to science, and so on. During the Neo-Classical era, many world famous writers such as Jean-Baptiste Poquelin known by Moliere, Jonathan Swift, and Francois-Marie Arouet know by Voltaire wrote some incredible stories, poems, plays and articles about the age of reason. In literature, all of them are well known by the tactics and methods they used in their†¦show more content†¦For instance, Swift proposal based on sarcasm that the society of Ireland should exterminate its infants in order to reduce the starving population or poverty, and use their meat products as the source of food and revenue (343-346). In the novel, â€Å"Candide† written by Voltaire presents to his readers the verbal irony argument against â€Å"philosophical optimist† which in reality most the time doesn’t work or function properly. For example, Candide through the story relearns everything all over again and faces real life scenarios which make him doubt about Pangloss’s teachings about society perspective such as whatever happens to them it’s â€Å"the best of all possible worlds† which Voltaire illustrate as fictional optimism (378). Another component of satire in literature is the situational irony which depicts the opposite outcome rather than what the readers might thought to expect. In the story, â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† written by Jonathan Swift, presents a man who is easily persuaded or deceived during his journeys to fictional islands and societies where he learns new cultures or traditions and tries to reasonably fit in. Furthermore, Swift presents a good situational irony in voyage four when Gulliver end up in unknown island once again, but this time characters role have changed or reversed. For instance, Gulliver first contact with â€Å"Houyhnhnms† presents to him animal traits, but later he realizesShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance And The Enlightenment757 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Values and Enlightenment Ideals - Conflict or Progress on the Same Journey? The Renaissance and the Enlightenment are two significant periods in world history, specifically in European history. The Renaissance and the Enlightenment have distinctive characteristics, but share the notion of being periods of discovery in many aspects of life. Each period has its own set of beliefs, values, and ideals otherwise known as a â€Å"worldview†. It can be thought of as a framework of principles throughRead MoreOur Responsibility to Enlightenment921 Words   |  4 Pages Immanuel Kant, a well-known philosopher and writer, once said in his essay â€Å"An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?,† â€Å"Nothing is required for this enlightenment, however, except freedom; and the freedom to question is the least harmful of all, namely, the freedom to use reason publicly in all matters. But on all sides I hear: ‘Do not argue!’ The officer says, ‘Do not argue, drill!’ The tax man says, ‘ Do not argue, pay!’ The p astor says, ‘ Do not argue, believe!’† Throughout his essayRead MoreTom Brennan Byj.c Burke And Bhutan s Enlightenment Experiment1189 Words   |  5 Pagesoffer individuals opportunities to change, but also can become stifling and hostile. However, overcoming the adversity hindered in these transitions, growth and a state of enlightenment can be reached. Growth and development of individuals are result of engaging with the new world in transition process. By perceiving the broader world and society individuals come to terms with their own positon in it. Both The Story of Tom Brennan by J.C Burke and Bhutan’s Enlightenment Experiment (2008) by Brook LarmerRead MoreVoltaire s Candide : A Critique Of Politics And Religion During The Age Of Enlightenment1500 Words   |  6 Pagescriticism of politics and religion during the Age of Enlightenment. Today, Candide is used in the study of European Enlightenment thinkers and philosophers as a first-hand account of the faults within the value systems of government, religion, and society during the 18th Century. Through its sarcastic portrayal of seemingly absurd customs and traditions, Candide illustrates Europe in all of its flawed glory. As a prominent figure of the Enlightenment, Voltaire sought to publicize his views on societyRead MoreThe Underlying Metaphysical Aspect Of The Songs856 Words   |  4 Pageswrite the song, â€Å"Bargain.† Although released on the album, â€Å"Who’s Next,† was not even considered at top 20. The hits off of the album included songs like â€Å"Baba O’Riley† and â€Å"See Me, Feel Me† which were all written with a basic message about enlightenment. The underlying metaphysical aspect of the songs is knowing that Townshend was a follower of Meher Baba. The audiences trusts him as his sings about his struggle to find the spirituality he is so willing to do anything for. â€Å"I d gladly loseRead MoreCauses of the French Revolution Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent places experienced this change in different ways. As the previous discoveries and inventions were made by remarkable scientists like Galileo, the Enlightenment was the next logical step in the era. As incredible philosophers like Jean- Jacques Rousseau along with John Locke stepped in, people all over Europe began to realize the importance and even the mere concept of reason and natural rights granted to all persons. Apart from the common impact of the Enlightenment on all of Europe, France furtherRead MoreVoltaire s Candide : A Period Of Amazing Technological And Scientific Development1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment was a period of incredible tec hnological and scientific development that coincided with an ever increasing dissatisfation and rejection with the dogmatism of the old systems of philosophy and the dogmas of orthodox Christianity. The rejection of orthodox Christian dogma was led by the increasing number of religious and political liberals. These religious liberals deviated from (the Univeralists in the United States for example) or totally rejected (the Deists for example) some orRead MoreSynopsis Of Voltaire s Candide 1011 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick the Great of Prussia and was exiled for differences in politics. Until 1778, he did not return to Paris where he encountered the Enlightenment. Historical information about period of publication Published during the â€Å"Age of Enlightenment† in the mid-18th century, Candide took place during a time of a cultural revolution in Europe and France. The Enlightenment was a time for societal reform, protesting against judgments of church authority and nobility. This time period allowed for rational thoughtRead MoreCommentary on Candide by Voltaire and Irrational Man by William Barrett1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthe aims of the Enlightenment as the latter supports explaining the world through science in a way that separates the ideas from those mentions in the Bible. The novel includes a character named â€Å"Panglossâ€Å", who is a caricature of the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. â€Å"Pangloss† supports the idea that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds, that idea is destroyed in the novel. Candide is a novel that talks about the idea of theodicy The enlightenment sparked the beginningRead More Comparing Society in The Dharma Bums and The New American Poetry1286 Words   |  6 PagesMass Society in The Dharma Bums and The New American Poetry      Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the best ways to fully understand an era is to study its literature. The printed word has the incredible capacity to both reflect and shape the hopes, fears, and ideologies of the time. This is very evident when reading literature from 1960s America, a turbulent period in the history of our country. While the authors styles are very different, there are definite thematic patterns and characteristics evident in

Personality Characteristics and Health Psychology Essay

Running head: PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Personality Characteristics and Health Psychology Introduction In the field of psychology, a growing interest in the interaction between physical and mental health has become apparent. Psychologists are beginning to realize the importance of treating a client as a whole unit with many working elements that are interdependent on each other. The term coined currently is the biopsychosocial approach. Here, it is recognized that the clients psychological makeup is interdependent on their current biological state, which is also dependent on the social spheres the client finds themselves in. The focus of this paper is to highlight the importance of the way in which a†¦show more content†¦American Indians of the Oglala Sioux tribe express such an opinion. They believe that the maladaptive interaction of spiritual oneness and health resulting from disharmony with what they call the ‘Nation Hoop (Neihardt, 1972). Many of the Indian nations believe that every creature in existence is part of a Nation Hoop. When one is not aliened with all the spirituality of all creatures, the result is a physical or mental manifestation. Thus, when the hoop is broken, it causes a shift in the balance of life. This perspective however takes on a distinctly spiritual tone that not all philosophers have written about. Freud, being originally trained as a neurologist attempted to discover a link between psychological well-being and physical problems. While studying neurology, Freud began seeing several patients that presented with peculiar physical ailments that had no apparent physical etiology. This lead him to a theory of personality that attempted to explain the lack of physical evidence in problems of blindness, limb paralyses, etc. Freuds outlook throughout his career was rather pessimistic, viewing the individual as untamed and bad in nature. To him, a healthy personality was one who had the ability to love and to do productive work. Healthy personality was described as outcome of harmony among the id, ego and supereg o. This means an even balance where the id and superego are not overpowering the psychicShow MoreRelatedPersonality Theory : Existential Personality Theories And Humanistic Theories Have Changed Focus On Psychological Perspectives Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Analysis Theories on existential personality theories and Humanistic theories have changed focus on psychological viewpoints because of the behavior of individuals. Now Carl Rogers’s person-center theory and Rollo May’s existential psychology focuses more on what many would call present and future experiences of the individual rather than the past because people mental states can change from one month to the next. Psychological health can be emphasized in how a person maintains theirRead MoreThe Persistence Of Temperament And Personality1469 Words   |  6 PagesTemperament and Personality. 12. October. 2015 Abstract This paper will explore the topic of temperament and personality in developmental psychology. I will provide definitions, statistics and examples to explain what temperament is then following what personality is. After drawing the connection between temperament and personality I will conclude that although temperament is the building block to what results a person’s personality it does not mean personality is unchangeableRead MoreFinal Examination For The Psychology Of Personality1329 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Examination for the Psychology of Personality Summer 2015 Due Date: 7-28-15 at 11:59pm Seham Azzamel @02773623 Seham_z@hotmail.com Dr. Elbedour College of School of Psychology Washington, DC 2015 Question 1 Personality Traits Personality is defined as â€Å"consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual† (Burger, 2010, p. 4). In order to measure personality, psychologists focus on personality traits. Personality traits are simply actionsRead MoreWhy Is Psychology Useful?1541 Words   |  7 Pages Why Is Psychology Useful: In its primary form, psychology studies humans- who and what they are and what they are. Psychology looks into why people act and think a certain way and how someone can improve themselves. Psychology allows people to understand more about how the mind and body works together. Knowledge such as this can help with decision making processes and avoiding stressful situations. It can help with time management, setting and achieving goalsRead MoreMysteries Of Personality : The Unveiling1586 Words   |  7 Pages Mysteries of Personality: The Unveiling Ugonna Eziuku University of Houston Clear Lake- Pearland Campus Mysteries of Personality: The Unveiling Psychomythology is defined by Lilienfeld as psychological information that is false, inaccurate and includes a plethora of misunderstood stories and myths (2010). In 1955 George Kelly stated that members of society are constantly trying to explain and interpret each others innate goals and characteristics (Lilienfeld, 2010). The Oxford DictionaryRead MoreSocial Psychology : Psychological Psychology1658 Words   |  7 Pagessocial psychology, what shapes our attitudes, what do they do, and what is the income of a social psychologist? Social psychology is important because people have gone through depression and anxiety. A social psychology can help one recover from the inside pain. Social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods to explain how the brain works, feelings and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings. Social psychology typicallyRead MoreDefinition of Psychology1625 Words   |  7 PagesWhen asked to define psychology there so many thoughts that runs through my mind. Psychology is the scientific study of ones thoughts and behavior. People think psychologically every day for example when you try to explain what someone else is doing to another person. There are many fields of study that try to understand how people think and the actions they take. Psychology is used for many different reasons not only do they study the human behavior they also help mental patients and try to figureRead MoreThe Analysis of the Five Factor Model Essay examples1483 Words   |  6 Pagesstability of traits will be looked at, both longitudinal and cross situational. Finally, the application of the model within and outside psychology will be evaluated to show support that the FFM provides a solid foundation for an adequate personality psychology. â€Å"The Five Factor Model provides a compelling framework for building personality measures that seek to represent the domain of individual terms broadly and systematically† (Briggs, 1989 as cited in McAdams. 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Liability for Negligent Misrepresentation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Liability for Negligent Misrepresentation. Answer: Introduction The present essay aims at understating the law that deals with Undue influence, duress, fraudulent misrepresentation, innocent misrepresentation and negligent misrepresentation. All the laws are very important and must be inlayed before applying the same to the facts of the case studies. The laws are supported with primary and secondary sources. The main issue is Whether the Batman is legally bound to honor the contract that is established with Batgirl? The law dealing with undue influence is applicable. If any contract is supported by Undue Influence, then, such a contract is voidable in law. When the contract is established amid the parties but there is inequality of power amid the parties, wherein, the dominant party by using his dominant status results in establishing a contract with the weaker party, then the contract is suffering from Undue Influence. Normally when the stronger party uses his dominance and influences the weaker party so that he is ready to enter into a contract with the stronger party, which otherwise he would not have entered, then such contract is based on Undue Influence and is voidable. Undue Influence is normally incurred by two manners: Express When the stronger party acts in such manner according to which the weaker party is deprive from using his will and establishes a contract with the stronger party. For instance, when the weaker party establishes a contract and gifts anything to the stronger party but the act is under some kind of pressure resulting the acts as an unfair act and where there is no independent judgment of the weaker party that is used before establishing any relationship with the stronger party then it is a kind of express Undue Influence and is held in Johnson v Buttress. Presumed When the relationship of the dominant and weaker party is based on confidence and trust and the stronger party by using such trust and confidence tries to influence the weaker party so as to establish a contract with the weaker party, then, it is a kind of presumed Undue Influence. This kind of Undue influence takes place in the relationships that are generally of kind, parent and child; solicitor and client; guardian and ward; physician and patient; trustee andcestui que trust; cases of religious influence, etc and is rightly analysed in Royal Bank of Scotland Plc v Etridge (No 2). Now, it is settled from the facts that Batgirl is the girlfriend of Batman. Batman is totally besotted by Batgirl. Two friends of Batman, that is, Superman and Captain America, often tell Batman that he needs to be stronger. However, Batman was very vulnerable, especially after a poor relationship with Poison Ivory. Also, Batgirl is aware that Batman was so much in love with her and thus she pushes Batman around and always gets her way. Thus, the relationship that exists amid Batman and Batgirl is of a presumed influence wherein there is presence of so much love, trust and confidence. But, this influence is used by Batgirl for her own benefit. This is because when Batman was in trouble and he was in need of $10,000.00 for bail and additional sureties in order to be released on bail, then, at that time, instead of helping Batman, batgirls established a contract with him according to which she made Batman agreed that he will Buy Batgirl a $50,000.00 diamond ring; Fund her weekly massages @ $150.00; and Pay-off her Leather Central credit card @ $5,000.00 sitting. Batman was so much in love with Batgirl and Batgirl was in knowledge of the same used her influence so that the contract can be established. Batman does not want to lose her girlfriend and thus agreed to establish the contract. Thus, Batgirl has used her dominance over Batman and established a contract with him. So, there is presence of presume Undue Influence. Since, Batgirl has used her presumed Undue Influence upon Batman to make a contract with him to bring gain to herself and loss to batman, thus, the contract is voidable as is suffered from Undue Influence. The main concern is whether the Wonder Woman is bound by the contract of buying beer bottles at an inflated price? As per the applicable law, when one party threatens any party so that the aggrieved party agrees to establish a contract with the defaulter party, then, it is an act of duress. Any contract which is established under duress can be cancelled by the aggrieved party. In order to establish duress, the main essential are: There must be some kind of inducement which is extended by the first party upon the second party which have resulted the second party to establish a contract with the first party. The presence of influence may not be the only reason for establishing the contract and is held in Barton v Armstrong The pressure which is exerted by the first party must not be legitimate in nature and is held in Universe Tankships of Monrovia v Intl Transport Workers Federation[8]. The pressure must comprises of unconscionable conduct or unlawful threats and is held in Crescendo management Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp[9]. An unconscionable conduct is a conduct which is so harsh that it goes beyond the scope of good conscious.[10] In duress the will of the party is defeated and he has only two options, that is, to make a contract or to face a threat and in order to avoid the threat, the part chooses to make a contract. Now, The Lasso is the restaurant which is owned by Wonder Woman. Riddler one day walks in and hand over an envelope to Wonder women which says, Buy bottles of wine for twice their value each month from a green masked man, or else, a roped restaurant may just be overran. Therefore, buy as said, or a pretty young woman may lose her head. Now, the letter contains a threatening words that either wonder women enters into a contract or enter into a transaction of buying wine bottles at double the price or the restaurant will be overran and a young women may lose her head. Thus, there are only two options, either to enter into the act or face the threats. Thus, this is clearly an act of duress. Thus, wonder women have every right to cancel the contract. Since the contract by wonder women is supported by duress, so, the contract can be rescinded by her. The main concern is whether Spider man can sue Penguin for making negligent misrepresentation? The law of negligent misrepresentation is applicable. Normally, when the defendant makes a representation with careless intention and has no reason to believe that the representation made by him is true, then, it is called negligent misrepresentation. Normally when there is no fraud that is incurred by the parties nor there is any collateral contract, then, such representation is called negligent in nature. The concept of negligent representation is rightly held in Hedley Byrne v Heller[11]. In Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon[12], it was held that when an expert advices some other party and makes a statement then he must use all his care and skill while making any advice, otherwise, held liable for negligent misrepresentation.[13] Also, the plaintiff has to prove that the representation is made by the defendant and the plaintiff relied on such representation which ultimately resulted in his loss. Also, the defendant has to prove that the statement that is made by him is not of any fact but the same is made with utmost good faith and on the belief that the same is true.[14] Now, Spider-Man, Iron Man and the Hulk go to a local market to have a look around. Spider-Man comes across a radio transmitter which he intends to buy so that he can listen to talk-back radio whilst swinging between buildings. The radio was his desired size, colour and price. Now, he asks penguin whether the radio transmitter picked up both AM and FM frequencies? The Penguin informed Spider-Man that all of their radios pick up both AM and FM frequencies. Now, it is submitted that penguin is an expert who is furnishing advice to spider man and knows that spider man is relying on his advice before buying the radio. So, Penguin must make all efforts o that the representation made by him is true to the best of his knowledge. But, the radio transmitter only picked up FM frequencies. Now, because of the assurance of penguin, Spiede4r man parched the radio but face set back. Thus, penguin can be held negligent in his actions as he must make all due care before giving any advice to spider man. Thus, there is clear negligent misrepresentation on the part of penguin. Since, a negligent misrepresentation is made by penguin, so, spider can sue him for the same. When a statement is made by one person to another and when the statements that is made by the representor has valid grounds to believe that the stamens that is made by him is true (regardless of the facts whether it was actually true or not), then, it is innocent misrepresentation. The intention of the representor must not to deceive the party who is relying on the statement thereby making the representation an innocent one. The court can grant damages to the aggrieved party in lieu of rescission of contract and is held in Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co[15].[16] Now, Iron Man comes across a 1,000 piece jig-saw puzzle which he always wanted to purchase. He asked Bane whether or not all of the 1,000 pieces are there? Bane informs that they are there. Also, that the box is sealed and has therefore been un-opened. He further assurances that they themselves make and seal the boxes. Based on the representation made by Bane, Iron made purchases the jig-saw puzzle but, three of the pieces were double-ups, thus, the puzzle was unable to be completed due to 3 missing pieces. It appears that 3 pieces were left out by mistake. But not the same what is desired by iron mad. An advice is furnished whether the statement by Cat women to Hulck was fraudulent? One of the misrepresentations that normally found to exists is fraudulent misrepresentation. A fraudulent misrepresentation is one wherein one party makes a representation to another party and is aware that the statement is made by him is not true and is made in order to deceive the other party. Thus, any contract which is framed on the context of fraudulent misrepresentation results in the cancellation of the contract. The concept of fraudulent representation is rightly observed in Derry v Peek. As per the facts, Hulck was in need of a large calculator mainly because he can add up all the damage he has caused through his Hulk smashes and especially that the normal calculators are too small for these huge hands. Hulck finds the right calculator that he is looking for and he takes the same to Cat women. Hulck specifically asks that whether the calculator is fine or are there any issues with the same. Cat women submitted that there are no issues with the calculator and that the same is brand new and never been opened. However, Cat women is aware that the calculator two digits, that is, 3 and 7 were not working. Also, that the same was not new and that she herself has re-wrapped to re-sell. Based upon the assurance of Cat women, Hulck bought the calculator, however, two of the digits, that is, 3 and 7 were not working. Thus, the statement was made intentionally by Cat women to deceive Hulck. Ther5e is presence of fraudulent act and thus the statement that was made was a fraudulent misrepresentation. Hulck has every right to cancel the contract and claim damages as the statement made by cat women was a fraudulent misrepresentation. Conclusion It is thus concluded that all the laws are very important an different and must be applied adequate in order to achieve just results. Bibliography Andrews, Neil, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press,26-May-2011). Beatson, J, Andrew S. Burrows and John Cartwright, Anson's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016). Bryan, M and Vann, V, Equity and Trusts in Australia (Cambridge University Press,08-Oct-2012). Cartwright, John, Misrepresentation, Mistake and Non-disclosure (Sweet Maxwell, 2012). Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co [1951]. Christensen, S. A. and Duncan, W, Sale of Businesses in Australia (Federation Press, 2009). Derry v Peek(1889) 14 App. Cas. 337. Gillies, Peter Concise Contract Law (Federation Press, 1988). McKendrick , E and Liu, , Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan,25-Sep-2015). O'Donovan, James, Lender Liability (Sweet Maxwell, 2005). Sadler , Pauline, Liability for Negligent Misrepresentation in the Finance Industry (2009)- Volume 11. Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104. Crescendo management Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1988) 19 NSWLR 40. Hedley Byrne v Heller[1964] A.C. 465. Johnson v Buttress (1936) 56 CLR 113 at 126. Royal Bank of Scotland Plc v Etridge (No 2)[2001]. Universe Tankships of Monrovia v Intl Transport Workers Federation [1983] 1 AC 366, 400-1.

Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Essays - Human Evolution

Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Implications of Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) In a recent excavation at Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal, Duarte et al (1999) unearthed what was later to be recognized as early human skeletal remains which pointed to interbreeding between Neanderthal and Modern Humans during the mid - upper Palaeolithic transition. The morphology of the remains, belonging to a child of approximately 3-4 years old, indicates a Neanderthal typology in post-cranial features, and more modern cranial features. The find has been cited as evidence of hybridization between the two traditionally separate human lines, and offers an explanation to the question of Neanderthal extinction. (Trinkaus 1999) Anthropologists are now offered a line of evidence pointing to the contemopranity of Moderns and Neanderthals in parts of Europe and assumptions can be made about their contact: The discoverers?are making a ground-breaking claim, that the skeleton shows traces of both Neanderthal and modern human ancestry, evidence that modern humans did not simply extinguish the Neanderthals, as many researchers had come to think. Instead the two kinds of human were so alike that in Portugal, at least, they intermingled?for thousands of years. (Kunzig, 1999) By examining the theories of human evolution, and looking at the cultural evolution of tool technology as well as the biological transitions and differences between the two types of humans, we can see that this hybridization just might be the answer. Perhaps this find will be able to tell us what exactly did happen to the Neanderthals. Firstly, it is useful to have an overview of the different theories of human evolution, or I should say the two most widely accepted views as accepted by palaeo-anthropologists in the field. For some years now it has been the contention that the origins of modern humans stem from either a continuous evolution from archaic to modern humans in local regions from an earlier dispersal of Homo erectus, or conversely from modern humans evolved in Africa only which then dispersed to replace those hominids in said regions. These two theories are known as the Continuity or Regional model and the Replacement or Out of Africa model respectively. The fossil (skeletal) and cultural (technological) evidence thus far has pointed to convincing arguments on both sides, which proponents are quick to defend. Neanderthals can be distinguished from anatomically Modern Humans by the presence of prominent brow ridges, low forehead, occipital bun, facial prognathicism, large nasal aperture, and shorter, sturdier skeletal features most notably, distinguishing them from Moderns who were taller and had longer limbs, higher foreheads, lass prominent browridges and rounder skulls. It should be noted that the cranial capacities of both were comparable, with the Neanderthals being even slightly larger. (Klein: 1989) Many proponents of a regional theory claim that such morphological differences show a continuity and depending on how they are viewed can be seen as evidence of variation within a species, not distinct species. This would mean that the Neanderthal morphology developed as an adaptation to the colder glacial climate of Europe and elsewhere. (Wolpoff:1980) From a replacement standpoint however, these differences in morphology are too distinct to be variables on a theme and in conjunction with dates provides evidence supporting that view. (Mellars and Stringer:1989) Neanderthals occupied Europe and the Middle East during a time range usually agreed upon as ranging from roughly 130 kya - 35 kya to as recent as approx. 26kya. Modern populations are seen as early as 100kya in the Middle East and around 40 kya in Europe. At some sites in the middle east, both populations lived in very close proximity to one another for what is thought to be a time range of about 40 000 years. (Akazawa et al:1998) Recent developments in genetic studies have begun to open new lines of evidence in the relatedness of Neanderthals to current modern human populations. By studying the genes of both, we can compare the similarities and differences and calculate whether the two are close enough to say there is a relation or not. This line of research had been theory mostly because the skeletal remains on record had no organic material available from which to extract genetic material (i.e.: collagen in the bone). DNA from a Neanderthal specimen would be able